The 50 Minerals Critical to U.S. Security

Asia’s Dominance in the Titanium Supply Chain

Titanium is a unique metal with important applications in defense, aerospace, automotives, and medicine.

But before making it into all its end uses, titanium goes through a complex supply chain that involves both geopolitical and environmental challenges.

This infographic sponsored by IperionX explores the titanium supply chain and highlights the countries that dominate it.

The Stages of Titanium Production

Titanium’s end-to-end production process typically involves five steps:

1. Mineral extraction
   The minerals ilmenite and rutile are the primary feedstocks for titanium production. These minerals are partly composed of titanium dioxide, which is later refined into titanium metal.

2. Sponge metal production
   Ilmenite and rutile are refined into titanium sponge using the Kroll refining process.
   
3. Ingots and melted products
   Titanium sponge is melted into ingots and other melted products.
   
4. Mill products
   Finished products like bars, sheets, and tubes are manufactured from ingots. This process typically generates large amounts of machining scrap.
   
5. Scrap
   Scrap or waste accounts for large material losses in the supply chain. The current scrap recirculation rate is less than 70%.

The Kroll process of refining titanium minerals to produce sponge metal is an 80-year-old method that involves high energy use and carbon emissions. It’s also heavily dependent on a few countries, primarily in Asia.

The Titanium Supply Chain

The mineral ilmenite accounts for 90% of all titanium mineral consumption. The other feedstock, rutile, is only mined on a small scale.

Here’s a look at the 10 largest ilmenite and rutile producers in 2021:

Country	2021 titanium minerals production (tonnes of titanium dioxide content)	% of Total
China 🇨🇳	3,400,000	36%
Mozambique 🇲🇿	1,108,000	12%
South Africa 🇿🇦	995,000	10%
Australia 🇦🇺	790,000	8%
Canada 🇨🇦	430,000	5%
Norway 🇳🇴	468,000	5%
Ukraine 🇺🇦	411,000	4%
Senegal 🇸🇳	491,000	5%
Madagascar 🇲🇬	414,000	4%
Kenya 🇰🇪	253,000	3%
Other 🌍	740,000	8%
Total (rounded)	9,500,000	100%

China takes up the lion’s share of titanium mineral production at 36% . It produces three times as much of the minerals as Mozambique, the second-largest producer. Meanwhile, the U.S. is grouped with other countries with just 100,000 tonnes in annual production.

Besides titanium mineral extraction, China also dominates the next stage of the supply chain with 57% of global titanium sponge production:

Country	Titanium sponge production (tonnes)	% of Total
China 🇨🇳	120,000	57%
Japan 🇯🇵	35,000	17%
Russia 🇷🇺	27,000	13%
Kazakhstan 🇰🇿	16,000	8%
Ukraine 🇺🇦	5,400	3%
Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦	3,700	2%
U.S.* 🇺🇸	500	0.20%
India 🇮🇳	250	0.10%
Total (rounded)	210,000	100%

*Represents production capacity for high purity specialty sponge, not available for commercial applications.

Between 2011 and 2021, China expanded its titanium sponge production capacity by 55% . Over the same period, U.S. production capacity almost declined completely, down 98% .

As a result of the lack of domestic production, the U.S. is now heavily reliant on foreign sources of titanium.

Short Supply: Titanium in the U.S.

Around 90% of U.S. titanium consumption is met by net imports, with most of it coming from Japan.

The U.S. uses titanium metal in various sectors, including defense , aerospace, electronics, and transport. With the demand for titanium projected to grow, a domestic titanium supply chain can help the U.S. become independent of imports.

IperionX is a U.S. metals technology company focused on developing the world’s first 100% recycled, low-cost, low-carbon titanium supply chain.

>>>Interested in learning more about IperionX’s titanium production technology? Click here to learn more now.