Which Countries are Buying Russian Fossil Fuels?

Where does our energy come from, and how has this mix changed over the last 100 years?

These charts from Truman Du examine the complex relationship between energy production, consumption, and related carbon emissions using information from Our World in Data .

The World’s Energy Mix (1900-2021)

In the last 10 years, total global energy consumption has risen nearly 15% . Before that, between 2000 and 2010, it increased by nearly 25% .

And despite frequent headlines about green initiatives over the last few years, fossil fuels continue to account for the majority of total energy consumption.

In 2021, 77% of global energy was sourced from coal, oil, and gas.

Even so, renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and hydro have gained traction since the year 2000. Hydropower was the biggest renewable energy source in 2021, accounting for 6.3% of total energy consumed.

A Fossil Fuel Heavy Mix

Taking a closer look at the breakdown of energy by source, another strong (if slightly counterintuitive) trend appears to be holding its own.

Coal has remained a key source of the world’s energy consumption since 1900. Despite its relative share decreasing over time, as of 2021, coal remains the second biggest energy source, accounting for 25% of the world’s energy needs. All figures below are in TWh (terrawatt-hours).

Global Energy Consumption	1900	1950	2000	2010	2021
Solar	-	-	3 TWh	94 TWh	2,702 TWh
Wind	-	-	93 TWh	962 TWh	4,872 TWh
Nuclear	-	-	7,323 TWh	7,374 TWh	7,031 TWh
Hydro	47 TWh	925 TWh	7,826 TWh	9,518 TWh	11,183 TWh
Gas	64 TWh	2,092 TWh	23,994 TWh	31,589 TWh	40,375 TWh
Oil	181 TWh	5,444 TWh	42,881 TWh	47,895 TWh	51,170 TWh
Coal	5,728 TWh	12,603 TWh	27,428 TWh	41,996 TWh	44,473 TWh
Total	12,131 TWh	28,564 TWh	122,745 TWh	152,966 TWh	176,431 TWh

From its crucial role in the Industrial Revolution, to its relative cheapness and useful byproducts, coal isn’t close to being phased out anytime soon. In fact, it has seen a resurgence in powering India and China’s growing economies in the 21st century.

As fossil fuel use has increased in absolute terms, so have carbon emissions.

Carbon Emissions in 1900 vs. 2020

China, the U.S., India, Russia, and Japan are the top five emitters in the world, responsible for 60% of the world’s total emissions in 2020.

As these countries include the world’s largest economic powers, some believe emissions are a necessary byproduct of economic growth. Though there are exceptions, this seems to have held true on average, as studies show a 1% change in GDP is correlated with a 0.072 change in carbon dioxide emissions.

When looking at the chart of carbon emissions below, China’s journey of economic growth in the latter half of the 20th century exemplifies this.

China’s emissions increased dramatically, rising by six times from 1978 to 2018 alone, driven primarily by economic growth.

Here’s a breakdown of the top 50 biggest emitters in the world in 2020 versus 1900. All figures are in units of 100 million tons, and are rounded for simplicity.

Rank	Country	1900 Emissions	Country	2020 Emissions
1	U.S.	6.6	China	106.7
2	U.K	4.2	U.S.	47.1
3	Germany	3.3	India	24.4
4	France	1.3	Russia	15.8
5	Poland	0.6	Japan	10.3
6	Belgium	0.5	Iran	7.5
7	Russia	0.5	Germany	6.4
8	Czechia	0.3	Saudi Arabia	6.3
9	Austria	0.3	South Korea	6
10	Canada	0.2	Indonesia	5.9
11	Japan	0.2	Canada	5.4
12	Netherlands	0.1	Brazil	4.7
13	Ukraine	0.1	South Africa	4.5
14	Italy	0.1	Turkey	3.9
15	India	0.1	Australia	3.9
16	Spain	0.1	Mexico	3.6
17	Slovakia	0.1	U.K.	3.3
18	Australia	0.1	Italy	3
19	Hungary	0.1	Poland	3
20	Sweden	0.1	Kazakhstan	2.9
21	Switzerland	0.1	France	2.8
22	Denmark	0.1	Taiwan	2.7
23	Kazakhstan	0	Malaysia	2.7
24	Norway	0	Thailand	2.6
25	Portugal	0	Vietnam	2.5
26	New Zealand	0	Pakistan	2.3
27	South Africa	0	Ukraine	2.1
28	Belarus	0	Egypt	2.1
29	Argentina	0	Iraq	2.1
30	Uzbekistan	0	Spain	2.1
31	Romania	0	Argentina	1.6
32	Indonesia	0	Algeria	1.5
33	Turkey	0	UAE	1.5
34	Mexico	0	Netherlands	1.4
35	Azerbaijan	0	Philippines	1.4
36	Chile	0	Nigeria	1.3
37	Moldova	0	Uzbekistan	1.1
38	Lithuania	0	Qatar	1.1
39	Estonia	0	Bangladesh	0.9
40	Turkmenistan	0	Colombia	0.9
41	Finland	0	Kuwait	0.9
42	Vietnam	0	Mongolia	0.9
43	Latvia	0	Czechia	0.9
44	Kyrgyzstan	0	Venezuela	0.8
45	Greece	0	Belgium	0.8
46	Serbia	0	Chile	0.8
47	Georgia	0	Turkmenistan	0.8
48	Tajikistan	0	Romania	0.7
49	Peru	0	Morocco	0.6
50	Bulgaria	0	Oman	0.6
Total	World	19.5	World	319.2

The data also highlights the shift in the global economy between developed and developing economies.

In the 1900s, the largest emitters were the U.S. and other industrialized nations. In the later data set, developing economies like India, Brazil, and Indonesia have moved up the list as more significant carbon emitters as well.

Exporting Emissions

The accounting for carbon emissions can change with international trade, depending on how emissions are counted and attributed.

Should emissions generated from a manufactured good be assigned to the country where the good was made, or to the place where the good was ultimately consumed? Adjusting emissions based on imports and exports can help us look at these differences.

Richer economies that import lots of goods, like the U.S., UK, or Germany tend to have higher consumption-based emissions.

Meanwhile, for high-growth countries like China, India, Iran, and South Africa, the inverse is true: their production-based emissions are higher than their consumption-based emissions.

Cumulative Carbon Emissions

When taking into account emissions from the Industrial Revolution to 2020, nearly every continent has contributed large amounts of carbon emissions—but key leaders emerge.

Here is the full breakdown:

According to the UN, the world will need to cut emissions by 32 Gt more than what countries have already promised in order to achieve the 1.5 °C target outlined in the Paris Agreement.

As you can see in this data, how or if this happens will likely be driven largely by the future of our energy sources and consumption.